Social and Hygienic Factors of Congenital Anomalies and Developmental Malformations in Children

Abstrak

Congenital anomalies and developmental malformations are major contributors to infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. While genetic causes play an important role, numerous social and hygienic determinants significantly influence fetal development. This article reviews key environmental, socioeconomic, behavioral, and hygiene-related risk factors associated with congenital anomalies in children. The paper emphasizes the need for preventive approaches, health education, and policy-level interventions.

Kata Kunci